Carbonatites of Pakistan

Tracing the magmatic and metamorphic evolution of carbonatites – the syn- and pre-orogenic carbonatites of Pakistan
Carbonatite
Carbonatite

In northern Pakistan, several poorly studied alkaline complexes occur, which comprise carbonatites. As known from several places in the world, carbonatites can contain mineral deposits of HFSE and REE. Carbonatites with only 607 occurrences worldwide have an excellent occurrence to mine ratio of about 11:1. Since the mineralogy and mineral chemistry of carbonatites is variable, the value of an ore body is not only depending on volume and grade. Mineral processing ability is an important factor for a HFSE-REE mine. The mineralogy and mineral chemistry of a carbonatite is strongly dependent on the evolution of a complex e.g. magmatic, hydrothermal overprint, wall rock contamination and metamorphism. In particular metamorphism is probably a first order process modifying mineralogy and mineral chemistry of carbonatites. The knowledge on processes related to metamorphism of carbonatites is limited and only a few contributions dealing with this topic are published. The carbonatites of Pakistan are all affected by the Himalayan orogeny and therefore, exploration on these complexes is challenging without a basic understanding on the effect of metamorphism and deformation on carbonatites. This project aims at filling major gaps on the basic knowledge. Samples from five different carbonatite bodies has been collected with detailed field data. To achieve proposed objectives, detailed petrography (optical microscopy and SEM work), whole-rock geochemistry, EMPA work, Raman spectroscopy, thermodynamic modelling, age-dating and fluid inclusion study will be carried out. Based on these studies a genetic model for the metamorphosed carbonatites will be developed. The completion of this research project will help to improve the state-of-the-art knowledge of magmatic and metamorphic evolution of carbonatite complexes. This project is funded by Chief Minister Merit Scholarship (CMMS), Punjab, Pakistan.